104 million-year-old fossils unveil ocean past

A team led by the University of Göttingen has described the early presence of irregular sea urchins in the deep ocean.

Deep in the ocean abyss, the oldest and most primitive life forms on our planet are believed to have formed long ago. Nowadays, the deep sea is famous for its exotic fauna. Researchers delve into how Classify Diversity on the ocean floor has evolved over time.

There are hypotheses that deep-sea ecosystems have been repeatedly reborn after numerous mass extinctions and marine disturbances. Hence, current marine life at these depths may be relatively recent on Earth’s timeline. However, growing evidence suggests that parts of this underwater world may be older than previously assumed.

A research team led by the University of Göttingen has provided the first fossil evidence of stable colonization of the deep sea floor by upper classes. invertebrates for at least 104 million years. Fossil spines of irregular sea urchins (sea urchins) indicate their long-standing presence since the Paleolithic. Cretaceous period period, as well as its development under the influence of fluctuating environmental conditions. The results have been published in the journal Plus one.

A collection of sea urchin spines from different periods of Earth’s history showing the diversity of shapes. Credit: PLOS ONE, 2023 Weisz et al.

The researchers examined more than 1,400 sediment samples from wells in the Pacific, Atlantic and Southern Oceans representing past water depths from 200 to 4,700 metres. They found more than 40,000 pieces of thistle, and attributed them to a group called irregular hedgehogs, based on their structure and shape.

For comparison, the scientists recorded the morphological characteristics of the spines, such as shape and length, and determined the thickness of about 170 spines from each of the two time periods. As an indicator of the total mass of sea urchins in the habitat – their biomass – they quantified the amount of spiny matter in the sediment.

What these fossil spines document is that the deep sea has been continuously populated by irregular echinoids since at least the Early Cretaceous period, about 104 million years ago. And it offers more exciting insights into the past: the devastating meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous period some 66 million years ago, which led to mass extinctions around the world – the dinosaurs being the main victims – and caused massive disruptions to wildlife. deep sea

This is shown by the morphological changes in the spines: they were thinner and less varied in shape after the event than they were before. Researchers explain this as the “Liliput effect.” This means that smaller species have the advantage of surviving mass extinctions, resulting in smaller body sizes. Perhaps the reason was the lack of food at the bottom of the deep sea.

“We interpret changes in spines as an indication of the continued evolution and emergence of new species in the deep sea,” explains Dr. Frank Weise from the Department of Geobiology at the University of Göttingen, lead author of the study. He confirms another discovery: “About 70 million years ago, the biomass of sea urchins increased. We know that water cools down at the same time. This relationship between deep sea biomass and water temperature allows us to speculate about how the deep sea may change due to human-caused global warming.

Reference: “The 104-million-Year Record of Deep-sea Atelostomata (Holsteruda, Spatanguida, Irregular Urchins) – A Story of Persistence, Food Availability, and the Big Bang” by Frank Wiese, Nils Schlueter, Jessica Zirkel, and Jens O. Herle, Oliver Friedrich, August 9, 2023, Plus one.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288046

In addition to the University of Göttingen, the Universities of Heidelberg and Frankfurt as well as the Museum of Nature in Berlin participated in the research project.